python之在 Django 中使用 shell

我是 Django 的新手，我想为 Django 网络投票应用程序编写一个测试 (https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.8/intro/tutorial01/)

但是我得到了这个错误:

devuser@localhost:~/Django-apps/poolApp$ django-admin shell --plain --no-startup 
Traceback (most recent call last): 
  File "/usr/local/bin/django-admin", line 9, in <module> 
    load_entry_point('Django==1.8.3', 'console_scripts', 'django-admin')() 
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/Django-1.8.3-py2.7.egg/django/core/management/__init__.py", line 338, in execute_from_command_line 
    utility.execute() 
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/Django-1.8.3-py2.7.egg/django/core/management/__init__.py", line 330, in execute 
    self.fetch_command(subcommand).run_from_argv(self.argv) 
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/Django-1.8.3-py2.7.egg/django/core/management/base.py", line 405, in run_from_argv 
    connections.close_all() 
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/Django-1.8.3-py2.7.egg/django/db/utils.py", line 258, in close_all 
    for alias in self: 
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/Django-1.8.3-py2.7.egg/django/db/utils.py", line 252, in __iter__ 
    return iter(self.databases) 
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/Django-1.8.3-py2.7.egg/django/utils/functional.py", line 60, in __get__ 
    res = instance.__dict__[self.name] = self.func(instance) 
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/Django-1.8.3-py2.7.egg/django/db/utils.py", line 151, in databases 
    self._databases = settings.DATABASES 
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/Django-1.8.3-py2.7.egg/django/conf/__init__.py", line 48, in __getattr__ 
    self._setup(name) 
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/Django-1.8.3-py2.7.egg/django/conf/__init__.py", line 42, in _setup 
    % (desc, ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE)) 
django.core.exceptions.ImproperlyConfigured: Requested setting DATABASES, but settings are not configured. You must either define the environment variable DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE or call settings.configure() before accessing settings. 

我想知道最好的方法是什么:

定义环境变量 DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE 或调用 settings.configure()

请您参考如下方法:

使用manage.py，而不是django-admin。